Supernormal: Science, Yoga, and the Evidence for Extraordinary Psychic Abilities (2013)
By Dean Radin PhD – 50 Q&As – Unbekoming Book Summary
Feargus O’Connor Greenwood had this to say about remote viewing in 180 Degrees:
THE DECEIT DETECTORS
"I have three eyes, two to look and one to see." - Unknown
Explaining what the colour purple looks like to someone born blind or how music sounds to someone born deaf is an impossible task. Not only will your explanation be beyond their comprehension, it will also be beyond their imagination. Our worldview is mostly defined by what we can see, hear, smell, taste and touch. But even with these five senses working properly we can't see everything. You can't see X-rays or hear a dog whistle being blown yet you know they exist. Our senses are amazing but they have their limitations.
If we take light as an example, our eyes can only see in the visible spectrum of light. Light needs to be at a certain frequency or, as far as we are concerned, it might as well not be there. That visible spectrum is incredibly narrow and excludes ultraviolet at one end, and infrared at the other and everything else beyond both. What other information are we missing just because we don't have the right biological equipment to sense it?
If you could request any new organ, what would it be? How about a fifth-dimension probability organ, one that could tell you the probability of anything happening at any time. For example, there is a 99 per cent chance that the bridge you are going to travel under in the next two minutes will collapse. It could be amazing and in all probability also a curse.
Maybe instead of looking at probability we should turn to the idea of improbability. The 'Infinite Improbability Drive', as featured in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, was a way of crossing interstellar space in a split second. Whilst you don't have one of those installed (it was a fictional propulsion system for a spacecraft), what if you were told that you had a 'hard drive' within you that would allow you to travel in time and space? And that the only reason you weren't using it was because you didn't know about it, had forgotten how to use it or someone in a position of authority had told you it was the devil's work to do so. That highly improbable hard drive has a name. It is called the pineal gland, aka the third eye. It is said to be the seat of your intuition, allowing you to travel in higher dimensions.
"Without going outside, you may know the whole world. Without looking through the window, you may know the heavens." - Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, 6th century BC
The truth is scientists are still getting to grips with what the pineal gland does or doesn't do, so the above claim remains just that. But the ability to astral travel has been proven over and over again and is the basis of the remote viewing techniques we met at the beginning of this chapter. What is known about the gland is that it is the only other 'organ' in our body that specifically detects light. The pineal gland is partly made up of pinealocytes, which have a strong resemblance to the photoreceptor cells of the eye. It also said to govern melatonin levels and thus our circadian rhythm - our sleep and wake cycle.
Furthermore, Rick Strassman, author of DMT: The Spirit Molecule, and others believe the pineal gland is also responsible for secreting the naturally occurring psychedelic hormone dimethyltryptamine (DMT). A recent British study found calcite and magnetite crystals in the pineal gland that give it piezoelectric properties, i.e. when the crystals are subject to physical stress they generate an electromagnetic field. It seems like there might be more going on here than meets the third eye.
"Why did the U.S. State Department ship frozen penguin pineal glands from Argentina in 1973?" - Wikileaks @wikileaks
Nothing to see here? Well, perhaps now, with our confirmed innate psychic ability and remote viewing power, we have the tools to see everything and on any timeline. It has been said that on a good day 'a remote viewer can see forever.' Why not use remote viewing and psychics with exemplary track records as a way to uncover the truth? We don't need Dick Tracy, just Dick Allgire and a few others like him.
Allgire is considered one of the foremost remote viewers in the world. He is someone with a long history of high accuracy under test conditions. It should be noted that this system is not 100 per cent foolproof, so it is best to have more than one remote viewer working the same task. Corroboration of the facts from two or more sources working independently adds significantly to the likely accuracy of the outcome.
Remote viewers can't only see what is hidden in the present, but also in the past. It now means we have a method to look back in history and find out what really happened with a high probability of success. But what is that method?
Tracey Garbutt, a remote viewer, says it isn't just about seeing, but sensing; using all the senses to piece together a picture of the target. And unlike pure psychics, who instantly see or know, the process follows a specific series of protocols in order that the various fragments/images that appear can be pieced together in a coherent way. The aim is to separate out the 'psychic signal' from the intellectual chatter (guessing). One shouldn't chase the information but let it simply appear. It is a passive activity.
"Remote viewing is a process of gathering mental impressions and perceptions through all of your senses about a target. They often come in unclear and you are attempting to bring them into clarity yourself... typically it is feeling or sensing. People have said it is like the conscious mind interviewing the subconscious mind. I believe [this ability] is innate for people... I think this is part of our pre-history, part of our intuition." - Tracey Garbutt
So remote viewing is an exceptional tool that, in theory, we all can do. But like any muscle, it needs exercising to get the best results.
It has been said that this type of skill isn't a sixth sense but rather our first sense. Of course, as many remote viewers will tell you, nobody gets it right all the time. But the number of successes is way beyond any form of chance. Remember, when tasked correctly, the remote viewer is clueless as to what the subject matter is. It could be anything (infinite targets). Being blind, and even better double-blind, avoids front-loading the task. You don't want the conscious mind being seeded in any way. Only at the end of the session is the truth revealed to the remote viewer (e.g., from a sealed envelope) about which event/person was being referenced.
Mark Gober in An End to Upside Down Medicine refers to the work of Dean Radin, and so I decided to follow that thread.
With thanks to Dr. Dean Radin.
Supernormal: Science, Yoga, and the Evidence for Extraordinary Psychic Abilities: Radin PhD, Dean
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This deep dive is based on the book:
Discussion No.46:
21 important insights from “Supernormal”
Thank you for your support.
Analogy
The central message of the book can be analogized to learning how to use a hidden feature of your smartphone that everyone assumes is just a glitch or a myth. Imagine that most people use their phones for basic functions like calling, texting, and browsing the internet, and that is all that is considered normal or possible. However, a few people, through dedicated exploration and practice, discover there's a hidden function that allows them to do things that seem impossible.
The Phone as the Human Body/Mind: The smartphone represents the human body and mind. It has known capabilities, and also untapped potential.
The Hidden Feature as Siddhis: This hidden function is analogous to the siddhis or supernormal abilities described in ancient yogic texts. These are capacities like telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition that are considered legendary or fictional by many.
The Skeptics as Tech Support: The skeptical voices that dismiss these abilities are like tech support who insist these features are glitches, not real capabilities, and are due to user error. They are convinced that the phone can only do what is already known and documented.
The Yogis/Mystics as Experienced Users: The yogis and mystics are like experienced users who have learned how to access and use the hidden features through dedicated practice (like meditation or yoga) and intense focus. They understand the full range of the phone's capabilities and potential.
The Scientific Method as App Development: The scientific method is like developing a reliable app that can test these hidden features in a structured way to see if they are indeed real. The app helps to distinguish real phenomena from mere glitches, biases, or wishful thinking.
The "Impossible" as Untapped Potential: The book suggests that these seemingly impossible abilities are not supernatural, but are latent human capacities that can be developed. They are like functions of your smartphone that you didn't know existed.
Reconciliation: The book does not try to dismiss the known functions of your smartphone (the everyday world) but shows how these "impossible" abilities can work alongside known capabilities. It shows how science can investigate these abilities while learning from traditions that developed them.
This analogy highlights how the book bridges the gap between the skeptical scientific view and the mystical perspective by showing that the "impossible" might be an untapped potential, like a hidden smartphone feature waiting to be explored and understood through dedicated effort and careful investigation.
12-point summary
The book examines scientific evidence for "siddhis" - extraordinary mental and physical abilities described in ancient yoga texts, particularly Patanjali's Yoga Sutras from around 2000 years ago. These abilities include precognition, telepathy, psychokinesis (mind influencing matter), and exceptional mind-body control. Rather than dismissing these claims as mere superstition, the author argues that modern scientific research provides evidence that some of these abilities are real, albeit typically much weaker than the dramatic powers described in ancient texts.
Through careful analysis of decades of laboratory research, particularly focusing on precognition experiments, the author demonstrates statistical evidence for people being able to sense future events seconds before they occur. For example, numerous studies show subtle but measurable changes in skin conductance, pupil dilation, and brain activity just before randomly selected emotional images are shown. The combined odds against these effects being due to chance are astronomical (billions to one).
Regarding telepathy, research using the "ganzfeld" technique, where one person tries to mentally send information to another person in a state of mild sensory deprivation, has produced consistently positive results across multiple laboratories. Meta-analyses of ganzfeld studies show overall success rates significantly above chance expectations, with odds against chance of millions to one. The effect is particularly strong among experienced meditators.
The book presents evidence for mind-matter interaction through studies using random number generators (RNGs) and optical systems. In controlled experiments, human intention appears able to subtly influence these physical systems. The effects are small but statistically significant when analyzed across many trials. The author's own research using double-slit optical experiments showed that experienced meditators could influence quantum interference patterns through focused attention.
One of the book's central arguments is that meditation and focused attention practices appear to enhance these abilities. Studies comparing long-term meditators to non-meditators consistently show stronger psi effects among those with meditation experience. This aligns with the yogic teaching that siddhis naturally arise through dedicated meditation practice rather than being supernatural gifts.
The research suggests practical applications are possible. For example, studies show that associative remote viewing techniques can be used to predict financial markets with modest success. The book describes a trader who made $146,000 profit using these methods over 13 years. Additionally, remote viewing has been successfully used in some criminal investigations and was employed by U.S. government intelligence programs.
The author addresses common skeptical arguments and explains why many scientists resist accepting this evidence despite its statistical strength. This resistance often stems from deeply held assumptions about the nature of reality rather than careful examination of the experimental data. The book argues that quantum physics has already overturned many of these classical assumptions about causality, locality, and the role of consciousness.
The research findings suggest consciousness may play a more fundamental role in physical reality than currently assumed by mainstream science. Rather than being merely a product of brain activity, consciousness may be more like a field that can interact with matter in subtle ways. This aligns with both ancient yogic philosophy and some interpretations of quantum mechanics.
An important theme is that while these abilities appear to be real, they are typically much weaker than portrayed in ancient texts or popular media. Most people demonstrate these abilities only unconsciously or unreliably. Even experienced practitioners rarely show dramatic effects. The research suggests these are natural human capacities that can be developed through practice rather than supernatural powers.
The book emphasizes that proving the reality of siddhis is less important than understanding what they tell us about human potential and the nature of consciousness. The evidence challenges the prevailing materialist worldview and suggests reality may be more interconnected and consciousness-influenced than currently believed by mainstream science.
The author argues that science is entering a new phase where the study of consciousness will become increasingly important. As quantum biology reveals quantum effects in living systems and neuroscience struggles to explain subjective experience, science may need to expand its framework to accommodate phenomena that blur the line between mind and matter.
While maintaining scientific rigor, the book suggests that ancient wisdom traditions may have important insights about consciousness and human potential that modern science is only beginning to rediscover. Rather than dismissing these traditions as superstition, science might benefit from carefully investigating their claims while maintaining appropriate skepticism.
50 Questions & Answers
Question 1: What are siddhis and how does Patanjali describe them in the Yoga Sutras?
The siddhis are supernormal abilities described in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras as natural consequences of advanced meditation practice, particularly after achieving expertise in samyama - the combination of deep concentration, meditation, and complete absorption (samadhi). Patanjali outlines approximately twenty-five distinct siddhis in the third book of the Yoga Sutras, including abilities like precognition, telepathy, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis.
These abilities are not presented as magical or divine gifts, but rather as inherent human capacities that emerge when the mind becomes sufficiently refined through yogic practice. Patanjali specifically warns against becoming attached to or showing off these abilities, as they can become distractions from the ultimate goal of enlightenment. The siddhis are described matter-of-factly as signposts along the spiritual path, indicating progress in meditation but not being ends in themselves.
Question 2: How did modern scientific investigation of psychic phenomena begin?
Modern scientific investigation of psychic phenomena began in earnest in the 1930s with J.B. Rhine's systematic card-guessing experiments at Duke University. Rhine developed standardized protocols for testing ESP using specialized Zener cards, introducing rigorous controls and statistical analysis to the field. This marked a shift from anecdotal reports and mediumistic demonstrations to controlled laboratory studies.
Prior to Rhine's work, the Society for Psychical Research in London had conducted serious investigations since 1882, but Rhine's methodology established the template for contemporary experimental parapsychology. His insistence on proper controls and statistical evaluation helped legitimize the scientific study of psi phenomena, though his findings remained controversial. The field continued to develop more sophisticated experimental protocols, leading to standardized techniques like the ganzfeld procedure in the 1970s.
Question 3: What is the significance of effect size in psi research?
Effect size in psi research measures the magnitude of psychic effects, typically ranging from -1 to +1, with 0 indicating no effect. While psi experiments often show small effect sizes around 0.20-0.25, these are comparable to effect sizes found in conventional psychology and medical research. The significance lies not in the size of the effect but in the statistical confidence that the effect is real rather than due to chance.
When these small but consistent effects are examined across many studies through meta-analysis, they can compound into extremely strong overall evidence. For comparison, the effect size relationship between tamoxifen (a breast cancer drug) and blood clots is only 0.01, yet this small effect is considered clinically significant due to its serious implications. Similarly, small psi effects consistently observed across multiple studies can provide robust evidence for the reality of psychic phenomena.
Question 4: How does presentiment differ from precognition?
Presentiment refers specifically to unconscious physiological responses to future events, while precognition involves conscious awareness of future information. Presentiment experiments typically measure subtle changes in skin conductance, heart rate, pupil dilation, or brain activity that occur seconds before an unpredictable stimulus is presented. These physiological changes occur without the participant having any conscious awareness of the upcoming event.
Precognition, on the other hand, involves consciously perceiving or knowing about future events, whether through dreams, visions, or deliberate efforts to access future information. While both phenomena involve accessing information from the future, presentiment operates purely at an unconscious, physiological level, making it easier to study objectively in laboratory settings since it doesn't rely on conscious reporting or interpretation of experiences.
Question 5: What evidence exists for telepathy in controlled laboratory settings?
The strongest laboratory evidence for telepathy comes from ganzfeld experiments, where receivers in a mild sensory deprivation state attempt to identify target images or videos being viewed by distant senders. Meta-analyses of these studies show consistent positive results with odds against chance of billions to one. The effect size of approximately 0.20 is comparable to typical findings in behavioral and social sciences.
Independent laboratories have successfully replicated these results, with even skeptical researchers like Richard Wiseman acknowledging that by normal scientific standards, telepathy has been proven. The evidence is particularly strong when participants are selected based on prior experience or when they have meditation practice. These studies have been refined over decades to address potential methodological flaws and alternative explanations.
Question 6: How do quantum mechanics and consciousness intersect in psi research?
Quantum mechanics introduces concepts like nonlocality, entanglement, and the role of observation in collapsing wave functions that may help explain psi phenomena. The quantum measurement problem - the mysterious role of consciousness in determining physical reality - suggests deep connections between mind and matter that align with reported psychic experiences. Recent discoveries in quantum biology show that quantum effects can occur in biological systems, challenging previous assumptions about their relevance to consciousness.
Some physicists, including quantum pioneers like Max Planck and Wolfgang Pauli, proposed that consciousness is fundamental to reality rather than emergent from physical processes. This perspective suggests that psi phenomena might operate through quantum-level interactions that transcend normal space-time constraints. While these connections remain theoretical, they provide potential mechanisms for understanding how psychic abilities might function within our current scientific framework.
Question 7: What is the Global Consciousness Project and what has it revealed?
The Global Consciousness Project, directed by Princeton University psychologist Roger Nelson since 1998, uses a worldwide network of random number generators to detect potential effects of collective human attention and emotion. The project has found significant deviations from randomness during major global events that capture widespread attention, such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and celebrations, with odds against chance of 284 billion to one.
The findings suggest that mass human attention or emotion can create subtle but detectable changes in physical randomness, supporting the concept of a "global consciousness" or field effect. The project has analyzed data from 415 major events through 2012, showing consistent patterns that indicate some form of correlation between collective human experience and measurable physical effects in the environment.
Question 8: How do meditation practices influence psi abilities?
Research shows that experienced meditators consistently perform better on psi tasks than non-meditators. Studies conducted with Tibetan monks and Indian yogis demonstrate that longer meditation practice correlates with improved performance on precognition and telepathy tests, with odds against chance of 8,500 to 1. This supports traditional yogic claims that meditation develops latent psychic abilities.
The enhancement effect appears to be related to the ability to maintain focused attention and achieve deeper states of consciousness through meditation. Meta-analyses confirm that various forms of meditation and other attention-training practices can significantly improve psi performance. This relationship between meditation and psi ability has been documented across different cultures and traditions.
Question 9: What role does belief play in psychic performance?
Studies since the 1940s have consistently shown that belief in psychic abilities correlates with better performance on psi tasks. The "sheep-goat effect" demonstrates that believers ("sheep") perform significantly better than skeptics ("goats") in ESP experiments. A meta-analysis of 73 studies involving over 685,000 trials found odds against chance greater than a trillion to one for this belief effect.
However, belief alone doesn't guarantee psychic performance. Other factors like meditation experience, ability to maintain focused attention, and natural talent also play important roles. The belief effect may operate by reducing psychological resistance to psi experiences or by creating a more conducive state of mind for accessing psychic information.
Question 10: What is the ganzfeld technique and why is it important?
The ganzfeld technique creates a mild form of sensory deprivation using halved ping-pong balls over the eyes and white noise through headphones, designed to reduce sensory distraction and enhance sensitivity to psi information. This method has become a standard protocol for testing telepathy, producing some of the most reliable evidence for psi phenomena. The technique was developed in the 1970s based on the yogic principle that reducing sensory input can enhance subtle perception.
Meta-analyses of ganzfeld studies show consistent positive results across different laboratories, with combined odds against chance in the billions to one. The technique is particularly important because it provides a standardized, repeatable method for studying psi phenomena, addressing many of the methodological concerns raised by skeptics. The success of ganzfeld experiments has helped establish the scientific credibility of psi research.
Question 11: How has scientific resistance to psi research manifested?
Scientific resistance to psi research appears at multiple levels within academia and publishing. Many universities refuse to study these phenomena, with fewer than 1% of accredited institutions having even a single faculty member known for psi research. This creates a self-perpetuating cycle where young researchers avoid the field to protect their careers, while established scientists dismiss the evidence without examination. The taboo is so strong that even discussing psi research in professional contexts can damage one's scientific reputation.
Journal editors and reviewers often apply extraordinarily high standards to psi research that aren't required for conventional topics. For instance, when Daryl Bem published evidence for precognition in a major psychology journal, critics argued that the standard statistical methods used successfully for decades were suddenly inadequate. Some scientists maintain this resistance even when confronted with significant evidence, claiming that "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" while simultaneously refusing to specify what would constitute sufficient proof.
Question 12: What is the significance of meta-analysis in psi research?
Meta-analysis provides a rigorous method for combining results from multiple studies, creating statistical power equivalent to one massive experiment. In psi research, meta-analyses have consistently shown significant positive results across different phenomena, with combined odds against chance often reaching billions to one. This approach is particularly valuable because it can detect small but consistent effects that might not be obvious in individual studies, while also controlling for publication bias through various statistical methods.
Beyond just combining numbers, meta-analysis helps address skeptical arguments about replication by showing consistent patterns across different laboratories, experimenters, and time periods. For instance, meta-analyses of ganzfeld experiments demonstrate that the basic effect has been successfully replicated by independent researchers, including skeptics, with effect sizes comparable to those found in mainstream psychological research. This systematic approach provides some of the strongest scientific evidence for psi phenomena.
Question 13: How do Eastern and Western approaches to supernatural abilities differ?
Eastern traditions, particularly yoga and Buddhism, view supernormal abilities (siddhis) as natural consequences of spiritual development, emerging through disciplined practice rather than divine intervention. These traditions emphasize that such powers are neither supernatural nor particularly important, viewing them instead as potential distractions from the ultimate goal of enlightenment. The Eastern approach provides detailed technical instructions for developing these abilities through meditation and other practices.
Western approaches have historically split between religious interpretations that view such powers as either miraculous or demonic, and scientific perspectives that generally reject their possibility entirely. When Western science has investigated these phenomena, it has focused on proving their existence through controlled experiments rather than developing them through practice. This fundamental difference in approach - Eastern pragmatism versus Western skepticism - continues to influence how these abilities are studied and understood.
Question 14: What is the double-slit experiment and how does it relate to consciousness?
The double-slit experiment demonstrates that light and matter exhibit both wave and particle properties, with the act of observation seemingly determining which properties manifest. When unobserved, particles passing through two slits create an interference pattern characteristic of waves; when observed, they behave like discrete particles. This quantum measurement problem suggests that consciousness might play a fundamental role in determining physical reality, challenging purely materialistic explanations of the universe.
Research has shown that this observer effect might extend beyond mechanical detection to include conscious intention. Experiments conducted with optical systems demonstrate that focused human attention can influence interference patterns in ways consistent with quantum theory predictions. This suggests a deep connection between consciousness and physical reality that could help explain how psychic phenomena operate, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear.
Question 15: What is field consciousness and how is it measured?
Field consciousness refers to the hypothesis that human consciousness can create subtle fields that influence physical systems and potentially connect multiple minds. Research measures these effects using random number generators (RNGs), which produce sequences of random bits that can be statistically analyzed for deviations from chance. Studies have found significant correlations between collective human attention or emotion and non-random patterns in these devices, particularly during major global events.
The Global Consciousness Project has documented these effects across a worldwide network of RNGs, showing consistent patterns that suggest some form of field effect exists. Additional research has examined field consciousness in smaller settings, such as group meditation or focused intention experiments. These studies typically measure changes in physical randomness or other environmental parameters that correlate with collective mental states, providing evidence for direct mind-matter interactions at a group level.
Question 16: How has the military utilized remote viewing?
The U.S. military and intelligence community maintained a classified remote viewing program for over twenty decades, known by various code names including Stargate. This program employed trained remote viewers to gather intelligence about distant locations and activities, producing information that was often verified through conventional means. The program's existence was declassified in the 1990s, revealing significant success rates in operational tasks despite the challenging nature of real-world applications.
Remote viewers like Joseph McMoneagle demonstrated remarkable accuracy in describing distant targets under controlled conditions, leading to practical applications in intelligence gathering. The program developed standardized protocols for remote viewing that continue to be used in civilian research. While official government involvement ended, the techniques and training methods developed during this period have contributed significantly to our understanding of how to study and apply these abilities systematically.
Question 17: What are the practical applications of precognition?
Precognition has shown practical value in financial markets through techniques like associative remote viewing, where future market movements are linked to random images that participants try to identify in advance. Documented cases show consistent success rates significantly above chance, with some practitioners maintaining profitable trading records over extended periods. These applications demonstrate how seemingly subtle psychic effects can be leveraged for practical benefit when properly structured.
Beyond financial applications, precognition research has implications for understanding and potentially preventing accidents or disasters. Studies of presentiment suggest that humans and animals may have unconscious access to future information, which could be developed into early warning systems. However, the reliability and practical implementation of such applications remain challenging, partly due to the subtle nature of precognitive information and the difficulty of distinguishing genuine precognitive signals from normal intuition.
Question 18: How do researchers control for skepticism and belief in psi experiments?
Researchers address the influence of belief through various experimental controls and statistical analyses. Studies often include both believers and skeptics, measuring their performance separately to quantify the "sheep-goat effect." More sophisticated designs use double-blind protocols where neither participants nor experimenters know the targets or conditions until after data collection is complete, eliminating the possibility of conscious or unconscious bias affecting the results.
Statistical techniques help separate genuine psi effects from belief-related artifacts. Meta-analyses can examine whether experimenter belief influences results across multiple studies, while control conditions and randomization procedures ensure that any observed effects cannot be explained by normal psychological factors. Some researchers deliberately recruit skeptics as experimenters to demonstrate that psi effects persist regardless of the researcher's beliefs.
Question 19: What is the relationship between meditation experience and psi performance?
Studies consistently show that experienced meditators perform better on psi tasks than non-meditators, with performance often correlating with years of practice. Research with Tibetan monks and Indian yogis has demonstrated particularly strong effects, suggesting that meditation develops the mental qualities necessary for reliable psi functioning. These findings support traditional claims that meditation can enhance natural psychic abilities through sustained practice.
The enhancement appears related to meditation's effects on attention, emotional regulation, and consciousness states. Advanced meditators show increased ability to maintain focused awareness and reduce mental noise, which may facilitate clearer reception of psi information. This relationship has been documented across different types of meditation practices and psi tasks, suggesting a fundamental connection between meditative development and psychic functioning.
Question 20: How has yoga transformed in Western culture?
Yoga's transformation in the West represents a significant shift from its traditional spiritual foundations to a primarily physical practice focused on health and fitness. Modern postural yoga, emphasizing stretching and exercise, emerged from a combination of traditional asanas with Western gymnastics and military calisthenics in the early 20th century. This hybrid form has become a multi-billion dollar industry, with an estimated ten million practitioners in the United States alone.
While this transformation has made yoga more accessible to Western practitioners, it has also led to the marginalization of yoga's deeper aspects, particularly the development of siddhis and other spiritual capacities. However, recent scientific research on meditation and mindfulness has begun to bridge this gap, validating some traditional claims about yoga's effects on consciousness and human potential within a Western scientific framework.
Question 21: What is the file-drawer effect and why is it important in psi research?
The file-drawer effect refers to the potential problem of unpublished negative results being "filed away" while positive results get published, potentially creating a misleading picture of the evidence. In psi research, critics have suggested that this effect might explain positive meta-analysis results. However, detailed analyses show this explanation is unlikely. For instance, in forced-choice precognition studies, it would require 46 unpublished negative studies for each published study to explain away the positive results - a ratio far exceeding the typical estimate of five unpublished studies for each published one.
Researchers address this concern through various statistical methods that estimate how many unpublished negative studies would be needed to nullify the observed effects. In many cases, the number of required unpublished studies is so large as to be implausible. Additionally, surveys of active researchers have found that the actual number of unpublished studies is far smaller than critics suggest, and these unpublished studies often show positive results that weren't published for reasons unrelated to their outcomes.
Question 22: How do researchers measure unconscious precognition?
Unconscious precognition is measured through presentiment experiments that track physiological responses like skin conductance, heart rate, pupil dilation, and brain activity before unpredictable events. These studies are particularly compelling because they don't rely on conscious reporting - the body appears to respond to future stimuli seconds before they occur, even though participants have no conscious awareness of what's coming. The measurements are entirely objective, recorded by sophisticated instruments and analyzed through standardized statistical methods.
The experimental protocols are carefully designed to rule out conventional explanations. For example, researchers use truly random methods to select stimuli, maintain strict isolation between participants and experimenters, and employ multiple control conditions. Meta-analyses of these studies show remarkably consistent effects across different laboratories and measurement techniques, with combined odds against chance often exceeding billions to one. The unconscious nature of these responses makes them particularly valuable for understanding how precognition operates at a fundamental level.
Question 23: What evidence exists for mind-matter interaction?
Laboratory studies of mind-matter interaction have primarily focused on micro-PK (psychokinesis) effects using random number generators (RNGs) and quantum optical systems. Meta-analyses of RNG experiments show small but highly significant effects, with odds against chance exceeding trillions to one. More recent studies using double-slit optical systems have demonstrated that conscious attention can influence quantum interference patterns in ways consistent with theoretical predictions, providing a potential bridge between psychic phenomena and quantum mechanics.
Field consciousness research provides evidence for larger-scale mind-matter interactions, showing correlations between collective human attention and physical randomness during major global events. Additionally, studies of distant healing intention have shown significant effects on biological systems, suggesting that mental intention can influence living organisms at a distance. While these effects are typically subtle, their consistency across different experimental paradigms and their alignment with theoretical frameworks from quantum physics provide compelling evidence for genuine mind-matter interaction.
Question 24: How do different cultures view psychic abilities?
Eastern cultures, particularly in India and Tibet, have traditionally viewed psychic abilities as natural developments arising from spiritual practice, documenting detailed methods for their cultivation through meditation and yoga. These traditions emphasize the ordinariness of such abilities while warning against their potential to distract from spiritual development. In contrast, Western cultures have historically oscillated between religious interpretations that view psychic abilities as either divine or demonic, and scientific skepticism that denies their existence entirely.
Indigenous cultures worldwide often integrate psychic abilities into their understanding of reality, viewing them as natural aspects of human potential that can be developed through various practices including drumming, dancing, and plant medicines. This cross-cultural prevalence suggests these abilities may be fundamental human capacities expressed differently through various cultural frameworks. Modern scientific research is beginning to bridge these different perspectives by providing empirical evidence for phenomena long accepted in traditional cultures.
Question 25: What is the quantum measurement problem?
The quantum measurement problem centers on the mysterious role of observation in determining physical reality at the quantum level. In quantum mechanics, particles exist in indeterminate states of probability until they are observed or measured, at which point they assume definite properties. This raises profound questions about consciousness and reality, as it suggests that the act of observation - potentially requiring conscious awareness - plays a fundamental role in manifesting physical reality from quantum possibilities.
This problem has significant implications for understanding psi phenomena, as it suggests a deep connection between consciousness and physical reality at the quantum level. Some interpretations propose that consciousness itself might be fundamental rather than emergent from physical processes, potentially providing a theoretical framework for understanding psychic abilities. The double-slit experiment dramatically demonstrates this measurement problem, showing how particles behave differently when observed versus unobserved, even when "observation" occurs through purely physical detection devices.
Question 26: How do researchers ensure experimental controls in psi studies?
Psi researchers employ multiple layers of controls to eliminate conventional explanations for observed effects. These include double-blind protocols where neither participants nor experimenters know the targets or conditions, automated systems for random selection and data recording, and physical isolation to prevent sensory leakage. For instance, in ganzfeld telepathy experiments, senders and receivers are typically placed in separate electromagnetically shielded rooms, with all communication controlled by computer systems.
Statistical controls are equally important, including randomization procedures, control conditions, and sophisticated analyses to detect potential artifacts or biases. Researchers also implement controls specific to each type of experiment - for example, presentiment studies often include multiple control sessions with no participants present to rule out environmental influences. These controls have become increasingly sophisticated over decades of research, addressing virtually every conventional explanation critics have proposed.
Question 27: What role does statistics play in validating psi phenomena?
Statistics provide the primary tools for distinguishing genuine psi effects from chance occurrences in experimental studies. Through methods like meta-analysis, researchers can combine results from multiple experiments to detect consistent patterns and calculate the overall likelihood that observed effects are due to chance. This approach has been particularly powerful in psi research, where effects are often subtle but consistent across many studies, leading to combined odds against chance that can reach trillions to one.
Beyond simple significance testing, statistical analyses help researchers understand effect sizes, examine potential moderating factors, and control for various forms of bias. Bayesian analysis has become increasingly important, offering ways to quantify how new evidence should influence prior beliefs about psi phenomena. These statistical tools have become more sophisticated over time, providing increasingly robust evidence for the reality of psychic effects while helping researchers understand the conditions that enhance or inhibit them.
Question 28: How has the Dalai Lama influenced psi research?
The Dalai Lama has played a crucial role in bridging Eastern and Western approaches to consciousness and psychic phenomena through his active engagement with scientists. His support for scientific investigation of meditation and other Buddhist practices has helped legitimize research into previously taboo areas, including studies of advanced meditation states and their relationship to psi abilities. The Mind and Life Dialogues, which bring together scientists and Buddhist scholars, have created valuable opportunities for cross-cultural exchange about consciousness and human potential.
While maintaining traditional Buddhist perspectives on psychic abilities as natural developments of meditation practice, the Dalai Lama has encouraged scientific investigation of these phenomena. His approach emphasizes the importance of rigorous methodology while remaining open to possibilities that challenge conventional Western scientific assumptions. This has helped create an environment where serious scientific study of psi phenomena can coexist with traditional spiritual understanding.
Question 29: What is the significance of Bayesian analysis in psi research?
Bayesian analysis provides a mathematical framework for updating beliefs based on new evidence, making it particularly valuable for evaluating controversial claims like psi phenomena. This approach explicitly considers prior probabilities - how likely something is believed to be before new evidence is considered - and calculates how those probabilities should change in light of experimental results. In psi research, Bayesian analyses have shown that even highly skeptical prior beliefs should be significantly shifted by the available experimental evidence.
This method has become increasingly important as a way to address skeptical arguments about the plausibility of psi effects. For example, when applied to Bem's precognition studies, Bayesian analysis showed that the evidence was strong enough to overcome even extremely skeptical prior probabilities. This approach provides a more nuanced way of evaluating evidence than traditional statistical methods, helping to bridge the gap between skeptical assumptions and experimental findings.
Question 30: How do researchers study field consciousness effects?
Field consciousness effects are studied primarily through networks of random number generators (RNGs) that continuously monitor deviations from expected randomness. These studies look for correlations between periods of widespread human attention or emotion - such as major global events - and measurable changes in the random data streams. The Global Consciousness Project represents the largest such effort, maintaining a worldwide network of RNGs that has documented significant deviations during events like the September 11 attacks and major natural disasters.
Researchers also study field consciousness effects in more controlled settings, such as group meditation experiments or focused intention studies. These investigations typically measure physical randomness or other environmental parameters while groups engage in collective mental activities. The results suggest that coherent group consciousness can create measurable effects in the physical environment, though the mechanisms remain unclear. Such studies provide evidence for direct interactions between consciousness and physical reality at a collective level.
Question 31: What evidence exists for breatharianism?
Two notable cases have garnered scientific attention regarding breatharianism - the ability to live without food or water. The first involves Prahlad Jani, an Indian sadhu who was studied in controlled hospital settings in 2003 and 2010. During these observations, medical teams monitored him continuously and reported that he did not eat, drink, or use the bathroom for the duration of the studies. While these results have not been published in medical journals, the hospital staff maintained that their observations were accurate and that standard monitoring protocols were followed throughout.
The second case involves Michael Werner, a chemist and pharmaceutical research director in Switzerland, who claims to have stopped eating solid food since 2001. Werner participated in a ten-day observational test in 2004 under hospital supervision, similar to Jani's studies. While neither case has been published in peer-reviewed journals, they raise intriguing questions about human potential. The scientific community's reluctance to investigate these claims more thoroughly may reflect institutional bias rather than lack of merit, as similar resistance has been observed with other phenomena that challenge conventional understanding.
Question 32: How do different worldviews approach consciousness?
Different approaches to consciousness can be categorized into three main worldviews: materialistic monism, dualism, and mental monism (idealism). Materialistic monism, the dominant scientific view, sees consciousness as emerging from physical brain processes. This view struggles to explain subjective experience and phenomena like psi. Dualism proposes that mind and matter are fundamentally different substances, but faces the challenge of explaining how they interact. Sankhya philosophy offers a sophisticated version of dualism where mind serves as an interface between matter and pure consciousness.
Mental monism suggests consciousness is primary and matter emerges from it - a view gaining traction as quantum physics reveals the fundamental role of observation in physical reality. Some researchers propose a fourth view, panpsychism, which sees consciousness and matter as complementary aspects of a deeper reality. This perspective aligns with both ancient wisdom traditions and emerging scientific understanding, potentially offering a framework for explaining psi phenomena while avoiding the problems of strict materialism or dualism.
Question 33: What is the eight-fold path of science?
The eight-fold path of science consists of basic assumptions underlying modern scientific thinking: realism (objects exist independently of observation), localism (no action at a distance), causality (time flows only forward), mechanism (everything operates through local cause and effect), physicalism (everything can be described with physical properties), materialism (everything is made of matter/energy), determinism (no true free will), and reductionism (complex systems reduce to simpler components).
Interestingly, advances in physics have challenged every one of these assumptions. Quantum mechanics contradicts realism and localism, relativity theory questions causality, and quantum entanglement defies mechanism. Consciousness research challenges materialism and determinism, while emergent phenomena resist reductionism. This suggests that the traditional scientific worldview may need significant revision to accommodate phenomena like psi, which appear to transcend these limiting assumptions while still following natural laws.
Question 34: How do researchers study telepathy in laboratories?
Laboratory telepathy research primarily uses the ganzfeld technique, where receivers in mild sensory deprivation attempt to identify target images or videos being viewed by distant senders. This method creates optimal conditions for detecting telepathic information by reducing sensory noise and promoting a relaxed, receptive state of consciousness. The procedure is automated and carefully controlled to eliminate conventional explanations, with sender and receiver typically isolated in separate shielded rooms.
Modern telepathy experiments employ sophisticated controls including randomized target selection, automated recording systems, and double-blind protocols where neither participants nor experimenters know the correct targets until after data collection. Results are evaluated using standardized statistical methods to compare hit rates against chance expectations. Meta-analyses of these studies consistently show positive results with odds against chance in the billions to one, with effect sizes comparable to those found in mainstream psychological research.
Question 35: What are the implications of successful psi research?
Successful psi research challenges fundamental assumptions about consciousness, reality, and human potential. If consciousness can access information across space and time (via telepathy and precognition) or directly influence physical systems (via psychokinesis), then strictly materialist models of mind and reality require significant revision. These findings suggest that consciousness may be more fundamental than currently assumed, possibly playing a key role in the structure of reality itself.
The practical implications are equally profound. Applications in areas like financial prediction, health care, and disaster prevention become possible if these abilities can be reliably developed. Moreover, the demonstration that human consciousness has capabilities beyond current scientific models suggests the possibility of other undiscovered human potentials. This research may lead to new technologies based on mind-matter interaction, and could fundamentally change our understanding of human nature and our place in the universe.
Question 36: How do researchers control for experimenter effects?
Experimenter effects are controlled through multiple strategies including automated systems, double-blind protocols, and independent replication. Automated systems handle critical experimental procedures like target selection and data recording, minimizing human intervention. Double-blind protocols ensure that neither participants nor experimenters know target identities or condition assignments until after data collection, preventing conscious or unconscious biasing.
Research designs often include control experiments with skeptical investigators to test whether experimenter beliefs influence results. Meta-analyses examine whether different experimenters obtain consistent results, helping to separate genuine psi effects from potential experimenter biases. Some studies deliberately pair believers and skeptics as co-investigators, allowing direct comparison of their results under identical conditions. These controls have shown that while experimenter beliefs may influence effect sizes, positive results persist across different experimenters and laboratories.
Question 37: What is the relationship between quantum theory and psi?
Quantum theory introduces concepts like nonlocality, entanglement, and the observer effect that provide potential mechanisms for psi phenomena. The quantum measurement problem - how consciousness appears to collapse quantum possibilities into definite outcomes - suggests a fundamental role for mind in physical reality. Recent discoveries in quantum biology show that quantum effects can operate in biological systems under normal conditions, challenging arguments that quantum processes are irrelevant to consciousness and psi.
The nonlocal nature of quantum mechanics, where particles can maintain instant connections regardless of distance, offers a framework for understanding how telepathy and other psi phenomena might transcend normal space-time constraints. Some theoretical physicists propose that consciousness itself may be quantum in nature, potentially explaining both ordinary perception and psychic abilities through the same fundamental processes. While these connections remain theoretical, they suggest that psi phenomena may be natural extensions of quantum physics rather than violations of physical law.
Question 38: How do researchers measure psychokinetic effects?
Psychokinetic (PK) effects are primarily measured using random number generators (RNGs) that produce sequences of random bits based on quantum processes. These studies examine whether human intention can influence the statistical behavior of these systems. More sophisticated experiments use optical systems like interferometers to study whether conscious attention can influence quantum interference patterns. Both approaches provide precisely measurable targets for detecting mind-matter interaction effects.
The experiments typically compare data collected during periods of intentional influence against control periods or theoretical expectations. Statistical analyses examine whether observed deviations from randomness correlate with conscious intention. While individual effects are usually subtle, meta-analyses show consistent patterns across many studies with astronomical odds against chance. Recent research has expanded to study field consciousness effects, where collective human attention appears to influence networks of random systems during major global events.
Question 39: What role does consciousness play in reality?
Growing evidence suggests consciousness may be fundamental rather than emergent from physical processes. Quantum physics shows that observation plays a crucial role in determining reality at the microscopic level, while psi research demonstrates that consciousness can access information and influence matter in ways that transcend normal physical limitations. Some physicists, including quantum pioneers like Max Planck, proposed that consciousness forms the ground of reality from which matter emerges.
This perspective aligns with ancient wisdom traditions that view consciousness as primary and physical reality as its manifestation. Modern theories propose that reality may be fundamentally informational, with both mind and matter emerging from deeper patterns of relationship. This would explain how consciousness could influence physical systems (through psychokinesis) and access information beyond normal space-time constraints (through telepathy and precognition). While these ideas remain controversial, they offer a framework for understanding both ordinary experience and psychic phenomena.
Question 40: How has the scientific community responded to evidence for psi?
The scientific community's response to psi evidence reveals deep institutional and psychological barriers to paradigm change. Despite compelling experimental evidence, most mainstream scientists either ignore psi research or dismiss it without examination. This resistance manifests in various ways: journals apply unusually stringent standards to psi papers, universities rarely support psi research, and researchers who study these phenomena often face professional stigma.
However, this resistance appears to be slowly changing as younger scientists become more open to examining the evidence. The success of meditation research has helped legitimize study of extraordinary human capacities, while advances in quantum biology challenge assumptions about what's physically possible. Some prominent scientists now acknowledge that by normal scientific standards, certain psi phenomena have been proven. This suggests a gradual shift toward greater acceptance of these findings, though institutional resistance remains strong.
Question 41: What is the significance of effect size in meditation-psi studies?
Studies examining the relationship between meditation experience and psi performance consistently show effect sizes around 0.20-0.25, comparable to typical findings in behavioral and social sciences. This effect size is particularly meaningful because it appears across different types of meditation practices and various psi tasks, suggesting a fundamental relationship between meditative development and psychic functioning. When examining advanced practitioners, such as Tibetan monks or long-term meditators, the effect sizes often increase substantially, indicating that meditation experience enhances psi abilities in a measurable way.
These findings become even more significant when compared to effect sizes in other fields. For instance, the relationship between social support and health outcomes shows an effect size of 0.11, while meditation-psi studies often demonstrate stronger effects. Meta-analyses of these studies reveal that the relationship strengthens with meditation experience, suggesting a dose-dependent effect where longer practice leads to better psi performance. This progressive improvement aligns with traditional teachings about the development of siddhis through sustained practice.
Question 42: How do researchers study remote viewing abilities?
Remote viewing research typically employs a structured protocol where viewers attempt to describe distant locations or objects while being completely blind to the target. Targets are usually selected randomly from large pools of possible locations or images, and viewers provide detailed descriptions including sketches and sensory impressions. These descriptions are then compared to the actual targets using standardized rating procedures to evaluate accuracy. The most rigorous studies employ multiple independent judges who are blind to the correct target when evaluating the matches.
The US government's long-running remote viewing program developed sophisticated methodologies for this research, including the use of coordinates or random numbers to identify targets, eliminating potential sensory cues or analytical overlays. These protocols continue to be used in civilian research, allowing for systematic study of remote viewing abilities. Success rates in these experiments often significantly exceed chance expectations, particularly with experienced viewers or those who have undergone specific training in remote viewing techniques.
Question 43: What evidence exists for collective consciousness?
The Global Consciousness Project provides compelling evidence for collective consciousness effects through its worldwide network of random number generators. Analysis of data from hundreds of major events shows consistent deviations from expected randomness when large numbers of people focus on the same event. The combined odds against chance for these effects exceed 284 billion to one, suggesting that collective human attention or emotion can create measurable changes in physical systems.
Smaller-scale studies have documented similar effects during group meditation sessions, religious ceremonies, and other situations involving coherent group consciousness. These findings indicate that when people's attention becomes synchronized, it can produce measurable changes in the environment. The effect appears stronger when the group shares emotional engagement or focused intention, supporting traditional teachings about the power of collective consciousness in spiritual practices.
Question 44: How do researchers control for coincidence in psi studies?
Controlling for coincidence involves multiple layers of experimental design and statistical analysis. Researchers use truly random methods to select targets and conditions, ensuring that any patterns cannot be due to non-random selection. Experimental protocols typically include multiple trials and participants, allowing statistical analysis to determine whether success rates significantly exceed chance expectations. Control conditions and baseline measurements provide reference points for evaluating genuine effects versus coincidental matches.
Statistical techniques like meta-analysis help distinguish consistent patterns from random fluctuations across multiple studies. The file-drawer effect and other potential sources of bias are explicitly addressed through statistical methods that estimate how many unpublished negative results would be needed to explain away positive findings. When these controls show odds against chance in the billions or trillions to one, coincidence becomes an increasingly implausible explanation.
Question 45: What is the relationship between religion and psi research?
The relationship between religion and psi research is complex and often contradictory. Traditional religions frequently include accounts of psychic phenomena but typically frame them as divine gifts or miracles rather than natural human abilities. This has created tension with scientific psi research, which seeks to understand these phenomena as natural capabilities that can be studied systematically. Some religious authorities have resisted scientific investigation of psychic abilities, seeing it as challenging religious authority or theological doctrines.
However, certain religious traditions, particularly Eastern ones like Buddhism and Hinduism, have maintained more sophisticated approaches to psychic phenomena, viewing them as natural developments of spiritual practice. The Dalai Lama's support for scientific investigation of meditation and consciousness has helped bridge this divide, demonstrating how religious and scientific approaches to understanding these phenomena can be complementary rather than conflicting.
Question 46: How do researchers study presentiment in animals?
Animal presentiment studies examine unconscious physiological responses to future events in various species. These experiments typically measure changes in behavior or physiology before unpredictable stimuli, using automated systems to eliminate potential cueing. For example, studies with birds have shown they display alarm behaviors seconds before being shown predator images, with no possible way to know what's coming. Similar effects have been documented in other species, suggesting that presentiment may be a biological capacity shared across different forms of life.
These studies are particularly valuable because they eliminate psychological factors like expectation or belief that might influence human responses. The animals cannot know the experimental protocol or have preconceptions about psychic abilities, making their responses more clearly indicative of genuine presentiment effects. The successful replication of these effects across different species adds another layer of evidence supporting the reality of presentiment phenomena.
Question 47: What are the practical applications of remote viewing?
Remote viewing has demonstrated practical value in several areas, most notably in intelligence gathering and crime solving. The US government's twenty-year program produced actionable intelligence that was verified through conventional means, showing that trained remote viewers could provide accurate information about distant targets. In the civilian sector, remote viewing has been successfully used to assist in criminal investigations, locate missing persons, and provide information about archaeological sites.
Beyond these applications, remote viewing protocols have been adapted for financial prediction and business intelligence. Some practitioners have developed systematic approaches for using remote viewing to make market predictions, showing success rates significantly above chance. While the reliability of remote viewing can vary, properly structured applications that combine multiple viewers and careful protocols have shown consistent practical value.
Question 48: How do different philosophical approaches view psi phenomena?
Philosophical approaches to psi phenomena range from strict materialism that denies their possibility to various forms of dualism and idealism that can more readily accommodate them. Materialist philosophy struggles to explain psi effects because they appear to transcend normal physical limitations, while dualist approaches face challenges explaining how mind and matter interact. More nuanced perspectives like panpsychism propose that consciousness and matter are complementary aspects of a deeper reality, potentially providing a framework for understanding how psi phenomena operate.
Modern interpretations increasingly draw on quantum theory and information theory to develop new philosophical frameworks. These approaches suggest that reality may be fundamentally informational rather than material or mental, with both consciousness and physical systems emerging from deeper patterns of relationship. This perspective helps explain how consciousness could influence physical systems and access information beyond normal space-time constraints while remaining within a naturalistic framework.
Question 49: What role does intention play in psi experiments?
Intention serves multiple functions in psi research, acting as both an experimental variable and a methodological consideration. In psychokinesis studies, focused intention is the primary independent variable, with researchers examining whether conscious intention can influence physical systems. These experiments show that intention can create small but measurable effects on random systems, particularly when the intention is sustained and clearly focused.
The role of intention becomes more complex in other types of psi experiments. Studies suggest that too much conscious effort can actually interfere with psi functioning, while a relaxed but focused intention often produces better results. This has led to experimental designs that balance clear intention with a state of passive alertness, particularly in protocols like the ganzfeld technique. Understanding how different types of intention affect psi performance has helped researchers develop more effective experimental methods.
Question 50: What are the future implications of psi research?
Psi research suggests possibilities for significant advancement in human potential and understanding of consciousness. The demonstrated reality of phenomena like telepathy, precognition, and psychokinesis implies that human consciousness has capabilities far beyond current scientific models. This could lead to new technologies based on mind-matter interaction, improved methods for accessing and processing information, and deeper understanding of the relationship between consciousness and physical reality.
These developments could have profound implications for fields ranging from medicine to environmental protection. The evidence for collective consciousness effects suggests possibilities for enhancing human cooperation and addressing global challenges through coherent group intention. However, realizing these potential benefits requires overcoming institutional resistance and developing more sophisticated theoretical frameworks for understanding how psi phenomena operate. The future of psi research may depend on successfully integrating these findings into a broader scientific understanding of consciousness and reality.
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Could some of us inherit psychic abilities at a development stage that is already switched into action ? My maternal grandmother was psychic and I knew from early teenage years that I am. Sometimes it can be disturbing and the ability of foresight not just in own personal connection is now explained - thank you for this insight.
777pilgrim on wordpress has a long description of these sorts of things. He spent years in the New Age, meditating and doing all those things, but returned to Christianity after frightening experiences. These things you describe are true, but they are not to be toyed around with. They will be manifested more and more going forward and the secular materialists will become convinced of magic.